In grammatical analysis, the term reference is often used to state a relationship of identity which exists between grammatical units, e.g. a pronoun ‘refers’ to a noun or noun phrase. When the reference is to an earlier part of the discourse, it may be called ‘back-reference’ (or anaphora).23 Referents fill in anaphora, like ambiguous pronouns. Crystal provides this example of a sentence with anaphora: “He did that there.” In the example, each word references an earlier context—it has an anaphoric